For more accurate diagnosis, one may need real-time noninvasive biosensors that can simultaneously detect multiple biomarkers indicative of underlying health condition. Other markers in sweat include glucose for a person’s energy level as well for diabetes monitoring, ammonium for metabolic conditions related to protein breakdown as result of diet 8, liver malfunction, or hypoxia.

For example sodium from sweat can indicate the hydration status and electrolyte imbalance in a body 3, 4, 5, 6, lactate concentration can be an indicator of the muscle fatigue 7, chloride ion levels have been used in diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and cortisol, a stress hormone, can be used to assess emotional stress as well as metabolic and immune functions. In addition, sweat is very rich in physiological and metabolic biomarkers, which are indicators of human health and performance and correlate well with blood plasma levels and therefore can serve as an ideal surrogate diagnostic fluid. Metabolic markers provide a more direct indicator of human health for accurate assessment of athletic performance, clinical diagnosis, and for managing chronic health conditions including generating alerts in cases of emergencies.Īmong different choices of body fluids for continuous real-time monitoring, sweat is promising since it is easily accessible and can be collected noninvasively using the iontophoresis or chemical stimulation methods 1, 2. Beyond biophysical markers such as electrocardiogram, respiration rate, and core temperature, there is interest in monitoring one’s metabolic status from easy-to-sample biological fluids, such as sweat or saliva in real-time. There is growing interest in health monitoring using minimally invasive wearable devices. Extensive in vitro validation and an in vivo human pilot study involving a maximal exertion test show the promise of this platform for real-time physiological monitoring of human performance/fitness under stress, as well as diagnostic monitoring through sweat analysis. An array of the thread sensors is integrated onto a patch with connectivity to a miniaturized circuit module containing a potentiostat, microprocessor and wireless circuitry for wireless smartphone readout. An amperometric enzymatic sensing scheme with lactate oxidase was used for the detection of lactate. Selective potentiometric detection of electrolytes and pH was made possible through ion-selective membrane deposition and pH-sensitive polyaniline coating on threads, respectively. Flexible threads coated with conductive inks were used as sensing electrodes. The patch performs real-time, on-body measurements of important biomarkers present in sweat such as electrolytes (sodium and ammonium ions), metabolites (lactate) and acidity (pH). In this work, we present a thread-based sensing platform in the form of a multiplexed sensing patch for continuous simultaneous on-skin monitoring of sweat. They can also be placed directly in intimate contact with the skin. The trimetallic nanoboxes embrace plasmon resonance peaks in the near-infrared region with potential in biomedical applications.Sensor platforms that exploit the fibrous textile threads as substrates offer great promise since they can be directly sewn, woven or stitched on to any clothing. Upon the removal of Ag via H 2O 2 etching, the nanocubes evolve into trimetallic nanoboxes with a wall thickness of about 2 nm and well-defined openings at the corners. We further explore the use of these bifunctional trimetallic nanoparticles with integrated plasmonic and catalytic properties for in situ SERS monitoring the reduction of 4-nitrothiophenol by NaBH 4. We demonstrate the use of 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide as a molecular probe to confirm and monitor the deposition of Pt atoms on the edges of nanocubes through surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Upon the injection of the H 2PtCl 6 precursor, the Pt atoms derived from the reduction by both H 2Asc and Ag are preferentially deposited on the edges, leading to the formation of trimetallic nanocubes. At an initial pH of 3.2, H 2Asc can dissolve the Ag 2O patches, exposing the Ag atoms at the corners of a nanocube. Our success relies on the use of nanocubes, with Ag 2O patches at the corners and Au on the side faces and edges, as seeds for the site-selective deposition of Pt on the edges only in a reaction system containing ascorbic acid (H 2Asc) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone). We report a facile route to the synthesis of trimetallic nanocubes in which the Ag, Au, and Pt atoms are exposed at the corners, side faces, and edges, respectively.

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